Seeing Solitary home

Research

solitary confinement cell
Photo courtesy of the ACLU
A solitary confinement cell at Arizona State Prison Complex - Eyman, 2021

This sampling of materials, organized chronologically, provides a window into the range and depth of analyses of the use of isolation in prison. We have provided a mix of case law, articles, reports, and books from a range of disciplines.

To search authors, titles, cases, reports, and other materials, enter “Control+F” (“Command+F” on a mac) and relevant words. Learn more about keyboard shortcuts for searching with a web page.

Physicians for Human Rights, in collaboration with researchers from Harvard Medical School and Harvard Law School’s Immigration and Refugee Clinical Program, report: “Endless Nightmare”: Torture and Inhuman Treatment in Solitary Confinement in U.S. Immigration Detention. (Feb 6, 2024)

Women's Justice Institute and Center for Effective Public Policy, Gender Informed Practices Assessment: Report of Findings & Opportunities - Coffee Creek Correctional Facility (CCCF) [in Oregon]. 2023. https://www.oregon.gov/doc/Documents/gipa-report.pdf

Unlock the Box, Banning Torture: Legislative Trends and Policy Solutions for Restricting and Ending Solitary Confinement throughout the United States (Jan. 2023), https://unlocktheboxcampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/UTB-BanningTorture-TrendReport-January2023.pdf

Correctional Association of New York, “Assessing the Early Months of Implementation of the HALT Solitary Confinement Law in New York State Prisons” (Mar. 2023), https://static1.squarespace.com/static/62f1552c1dd65741c53bbcf8/t/641a1aa0c4f82202db41fcf0/1679432372691/2023_ImplementationofHALT.pdf.

Equip for Equality, Youth in Crisis: Stop Civil Rights violations against Vulnerable Students with Disabilities at the Cook County Juvenile Detention Center and Its Alternative School (Mar. 17, 2023), https://www.injusticewatch.org/news/juvenile-justice/2023/cook-county-jtdc-abuses-report/?utm_source=TMP-Newsletter&utm_campaign=0717971dc4-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2023_04_14_04_47&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_5e02cdad9d-0717971dc4-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D.

The Box: 27 Years in Solitary Confinement (25-minute Fault Lines pieces telling the story of Dennis Hope, who spent 27 years in isolation in prison in Texas; posted June 27, 2023). https://www.aljazeera.com/program/fault-lines/2023/6/27/the-box-27-years-in-solitary-confinement

Rachel Crumpler, "People Who Spent Time in Solitary Confinement say it had Lasting Effects on their Mental, Physical Health." North Carolina Health News. 14 Sept. 2023. https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2023/09/14/people-who-spent-time-in-solitary-confinement-say-it-had-lasting-effects-on-their-mental-physical-health/

New Jersey Office of the Corrections Ombudsperson, "Out-of-Cell Time in Restorative Housing Units: Special Report." Oct. 2023. https://newjerseymonitor.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Report-on-RHU-out-of-cell-time_October-2023.pdf

Johnson v. Prentice, 22-693 (cert. den. 13 Nov. 2023) https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/22-693_21p3.pdf

Montana Bell, "I'm a Prisoner in Solitary Confinement, and I'm Suing the State to End This Torture." Philadelphia Inquirer. 15 Nov. 2023. https://www.inquirer.com/opinion/commentary/pennsylvania-prison-lawsuit-solitary-confinement-20231115.html

Johnny Perez, "I Spent 3 Years in Solitary Confinement. Why Isn't Philanthropy Doing More to End this Torture?" The Chronicle of Philanthropy. 16 Nov. 2023. https://www.philanthropy.com/article/i-spent-3-years-in-solitary-confinement-why-isnt-philanthropy-doing-more-to-end-this-torture

Case of Schmidt and Šmigol v. Estonia, European Court of Human Rights (28 Nov. 2023). https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#%7B"itemid":%5B"001-229133"%5D%7B

Texas Civil Rights Project and The University of Texas School of Law Civil Rights Clinic, Solitary Confinement in Texas: A Crisis with No End. Dec. 2023. https://aab91155-966e-43a7-af87-a209b39e1f8b.usrfiles.com/ugd/a4ea0d_7738c8c3097148ef814e8c157936335e.pdf

Reynolds v. Quiros, 25 F.4th 72 (2d Cir. 2022), https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca2/19-2858/19-2858-2021-03-11.html.

The Federal Anti- Solitary Taskforce, A Blueprint for Ending Solitary Confinement by the Federal Government (June 2021), https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/the_federal_anti-solitary_taskforce_proposal_1.pdf.

Ashker v. Newsom, 2022 WL 309862 (N.D. Cal. 2022), https://casetext.com/case/ashker-v-newsom-3.

Ian Manuel, My Time Will Come: A Memoir of Crime, Punishment, Hope, and Redemption (Vintage Books 2022), https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/610493/my-time-will-come-by-ian-manuel/.

John Thompson, I spent 14 years in solitary confinement. Here’s why we should end the practice, The Philadelphia Inquirer (Aug. 8, 2022), https://www.inquirer.com/opinion/commentary/solitary-confinement-prisons-pennsylvania-20220805.html.

Sharon Shalev, 30 years of solitary confinement: what has changed, and what still needs to happen, 32 Torture Journal 148–62 (June 2022), https://doi.org/10.7146/torture.v32i1-2.131384.

The Correctional Leaders Association and The Arthur Liman Center for Public Interest Law, Time-In-Cell: A 2021 Snapshot of Restrictive Housing based on a Nationwide Survey of U.S. Prison Systems (2022), https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/center/liman/document/time_in_cell_2021.pdf.

"Solitary Confinement is Shrouded in Secrecy and Open to Abuse. Why Does California Allow It?" L.A. Times (August 2, 2022), https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-08-02/california-prisons-solitary-confinement-legislature-reform.

National Preventive Mechanism, Monitoring places of detention: 13th Annual Report (2022), https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/npm-prod-storage-19n0nag2nk8xk/uploads/2023/04/6.8256_NPM_AR_2021-22_WEB.pdf.

Chase Montagnet, Jennifer Peirce & David Pitts, Mapping U.S. Jails' Use of Restrictive Housing: Trends, Disparities, and Other Forms of Lockdown (Vera Institute of Justice 2021), https://www.vera.org/downloads/publications/mapping-us-jails-use-of-restrictive-housing.pdf.

Falcon, Elevating the System: Exploring Alternatives to Restrictive Housing, (Massachusetts Department of Corrections 2021), https://www.mass.gov/doc/falcon-report/download.

Judith Resnik, Jenny Elizabeth Carroll, Skylar Albertson, Sarita Benesch & Wynne Graham, Legislative Regulation of Isolation in Prison: 2018-2021 (The Arthur Liman Center for Public Interest Law 2021), http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3914942.

"The Scars of Solitary: Albert Woodfox on Freedom after 44 Years in a Concrete Cell" The Guardian (February 19, 2021)

Physicians for Human Rights, Praying for Hand Soap and Masks: Health and Human Rights Violations in U.S. Immigration Detention during the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021), https://phr.org/our-work/resources/praying-for-hand-soap-and-masks/.

Eunice Hyunhye Cho, Joanna Naples-Mitchell, Behind Closed Doors: Abuse and Retaliation Against Hunger Strikers in U.S. Immigration Detention (2021), https://phr.org/our-work/resources/behind-closed-doors/.

#HALTsolitary, The Walls are Closing in on Me: Suicide and Self-Harm in New York State’s Solitary Confinement Units, 2015-2019 (New York Campaign for Alternatives to Isolated Confinement 2020), https://nycaic.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/The-Walls-Are-Closing-In-On-Me_For-Distribution.pdf.

Amy Fettig, How Do We Reach a National Tipping Point in the Campaign to Stop Solitary?, 115 Northwestern University Law Review 311–34 (Aug. 2020), https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol115/iss1/8.

Arthur T. Ryan & Jordan DeVylder, Previously Incarcerated Individuals with Psychotic Symptoms Are More Likely to Report a History of Solitary Confinement, 290 Psychiatry Research 1–3 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113064.

Ashker v. Newsom, 968 F.3d 939 (9th Cir. 2020), https://casetext.com/case/ashker-v-newsom-4.

Christopher Wildeman & Lars H Andersen, Long-Term Consequences of Being Placed in Disciplinary Segregation, 58 Criminology 423–453 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12241.

Christopher Wildeman & Lars H Andersen, Solitary Confinement Placement and Post-Release Mortality Risk Among Formerly Incarcerated Individuals: A Population-Based Study, 5 Lancet Public Health e107–e113 (Feb. 2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30271-3.

Consensus Statement from the Santa Cruz Summit on Solitary Confinement and Health 115 Northwestern University Law Review 335–60 (Aug. 2020), https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol115/iss1/9.

Craig Haney, The Science of Solitary: Expanding the Harmfulness Narrative, 115 Northwestern University Law Review 211–56 (Aug. 2020), https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol115/iss1/5.

Daniel Pforte, Evaluating and Intervening in the Trauma of Solitary Confinement: A Social Work Perspective, 48 Clinical Social Work Journal 77–86 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-019-00744-w.

David H. Cloud, Cyrus Ahalt, Dallas Augustine, David Sears & Brie Williams, Medical Isolation and Solitary Confinement: Balancing Health and Humanity in US Jails and Prisons During COVID-19, 35 Journal of General Internal Medicine 2738–2742 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05968-y.

David Cloud, Dallas Augustine, Cyrus Ahalt & Brie Williams, The Ethical Use of Medical Isolation – Not Solitary Confinement – to Reduce COVID-19 Transmission in Correctional Settings, (AMEND 2020), https://amend.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Medical-Isolation-vs-Solitary_Amend.pdf.

David M. Shapiro, Emily McCormick & Annie Prossnitz, Foreward, 115 Northwestern University Law Review 1–8 (Aug. 2020), https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol115/iss1/1.

Frontiers in Psychiatry (Aug. 2020), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00840.

John F. Stinneford, Is Solitary Confinement a Punishment?, 115 Northwestern University Law Review 9–44 (Aug. 2020), https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol115/iss1/2.

Judith Resnik, Hirsa Amin, Sophie Angelis, Megan Hauptman, Laura Kokotailo, Aseem Mehta, Madeline Silva, Tor Tarantola & Meredith Wheeler, Punishment in Prison: Constituting the “Normal” and the “Atypical” in Solitary and Other Forms of Confinement, 115 Northwestern University Law Review 45–158 (Aug. 2020), https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol115/iss1/3.

Jules Lobel, Mass Solitary and Mass Incarceration: Explaining the Dramatic Rise in Prolonged Solitary in America’s Prisons, 115 Northwestern University Law Review 159–210 (Aug. 2020), https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol115/iss1/4.

Keramet Reiter, Joseph Ventura, David Lovell, Dallas Augustine, Melissa Barragan, Thomas Blair, Kelsie Chesnut, Pasha Dashtgard, Gabriela Gonzalez, Natalie Pifer & Justin Strong, Psychological Distress in Solitary Confinement: Symptoms, Severity, and Prevalence in the United States, 2017-2018, 110 American Journal of Public Health Supplement S56–S62 (2020), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6987940/pdf/AJPH.2019.305375.pdf.

Keri Blakinger, What Happens When More Than 300,000 Prisoners Are Locked Down?, The Marshall Project (Apr. 15, 2020), https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/04/15/what-happens-when-more-than-300-000-prisoners-are-locked-down.

Kristen M. Zgoba, Jesenia M. Pizarro & Laura M. Salerno, Assessing the Impact of Restrictive Housing on Inmate Post-Release Criminal Behavior, 45 American Journal of Criminal Justice 102–25 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-019-09496-2.

Laura Dellazizzo, Mimosa Luigi, Charles-Édouard Giguère, Marie-Hélène Goulet & Alexandre Dumais, Is Mental Illness Associated with Placement in Solitary Confinement in Correctional Settings? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, 29 International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 576–89 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12733.

Maggie Filler & Daniel Greenfield, A Wrong Without a Right? Overcoming the Prison Litigation Reform Act’s Physical Injury Requirement in Solitary Confinement Cases, 115 Northwestern University Law Review 257–72 (Aug. 2020), https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol115/iss1/6.

Margo Schlanger, Incrementalist vs. Maximalist Reform: Solitary Confinement Case Studies, 115 Northwestern University Law Review 273–310 (Aug. 2020), https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol115/iss1/7.

Margo Schlanger, Sheila Bedi, David Shapiro & Lynn Branham, Solitary Confinement, in Incarceration and the Law: Cases and Materials (West Academic 2020), https://incarcerationlaw.com/chapter/chapter-3/.

Mary Marshall, The Promise of Porter? Porter v. Clarke and Its Potential Impact on Solitary Confinement Litigation, 120 Columbia Law Review Forum 67–79 (2020), https://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Marshall-ThePromise_of_Porter-Porter_v-Clarke.pdf.

Mimosa Luigi, Laura Dellazizzo, Charles-Édouard Giguère, Marie-Hélène Goulet & Alexandre Dumais, Shedding Light on “the Hole”: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Adverse Psychological Effects and Mortality Following Solitary Confinement in Correctional Settings,

Partnership for the Public Good, Save Money, Save Lives: An Analysis of the Fiscal Impact of the HALT Solitary Confinement Act (Partnership for the Public Good 2020), https://ppgbuffalo.org/files/documents/criminal-justice/incarceration/save_money__save_lives.pdf.

Reid v. Wetzel, No. 18-CV-0176 (M.D. Pa. 2020) (Settlement Agreement), https://abolitionistlawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Reid-v.-Wetzel-Settlement-Agreement.pdf

Solitary Confinement Is Never the Answer: A Special Report on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Prisons and Jails, the Use of Solitary Confinement, and Best Practices for Saving the Lives of Incarcerated People and Correctional Staff (Unlock the Box 2020), https://unlocktheboxcampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/UTB-Covid-19-June2020Report.pdf.

Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (Mar. 2020), https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-torture.

Stopping Solitary Confinement, Human Rights Law Center (March 31, 2020), https://static1.squarespace.com/static/580025f66b8f5b2dabbe4291/t/5e82ce8fe958d45ab1480a0a/1585630887751/HRL C+Submission+-+Disability+Royal+Commission+-+Final.pdf]

The Correctional Leaders Association & The Arthur Liman Center for Public Interest Law, Time-In-Cell 2019: A Snapshot of Restrictive Housing based on a Nationwide Survey of U.S. Prison Systems (2020), https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/center/liman/document/time-in-cell_2019.pdf.

United States: Prolonged Solitary Confinement Amounts to Psychological Torture, Says UN Expert, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (Feb. 2020), https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2020/02/united-states-prolonged-solitary-confinement-amounts-psychological-torture?LangID=E&NewsID=25633#:~:text=Mr.,of%20the%.

"What are the Effects of Solitary Confinement on Health?" Medical News Today (August 6, 2020), https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/solitary-confinement-effects.

Albert Woodfox, Solitary: Unbroken by Four Decades in Solitary Confinement. My Story of Transformation and Hope (Grove Atlantic 2019), https://groveatlantic.com/book/solitary/.

Amy Fettig, 2019 Was a Watershed Year in the Movement to Stop Solitary Confinement, ACLU (Dec. 16, 2019), https://www.aclu.org/news/prisoners-rights/2019-was-a-watershed-year-in-themovement-to-stop-solitary-confinement/.

Arianna Zoghi, Alexandra Harrington, Judith Resnik & Anna VanCleave, The Liman Center at Yale Law School, Regulating Restrictive Housing: State and Federal Legislation on Solitary Confinement as of July 1, 2019 – A Research Brief (2019), https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/center/liman/document/restrictive_housing_legislation_research_brief.pdf.

Brie A. Williams, Amanda Li, Cyrus Ahalt, Pamela Coxson, James G. Kahn & Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, The Cardiovascular Health Burdens of Solitary Confinement, 34 Journal of General Internal Medicine 1977–1980 (June 2019), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-019-05103-6.

British Columbia Civil Liberties Association v. Canada (Attorney General), 2019 BCCA 228 (June 24, 2019), https://bccla.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2019-BCCA-228-British-Columbia-Civil-Liberties-Association-v.-Canada-Attorney-General.pdf.

Corporation of the Canadian Civil Liberties Association v. Canada (Attorney General), 2019 ONCA 243 (Mar. 28, 2019), https://www.canlii.org/en/on/onca/doc/2019/2019onca243/2019onca243.html?resultIndex=1.

Daniella Johner, “One Is the Loneliest Number”: A Comparison of Solitary Confinement Practices in the United States and the United Kingdom, 7 Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs 229–62 (2019), https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/jlia/vol7/iss1/22/.

David M. Shapiro, Solitary Confinement in the Young Republic, 133 Harvard Law Review 542–98 (Dec. 2019), https://harvardlawreview.org/2019/12/solitary-confinement-in-the-young-republic/.

Elena Vanko, Step-down Programs and Transitional Units: A Strategy to End Long-term Restrictive Housing (Vera Institute of Justice 2019), https://www.vera.org/downloads/publications/step-down-programs-and-transitional-units-strategy-to-end-long-term-restrictive-housing-policy-brief.pdf.

Federica Coppola, The Brain in Solitude: An (Other) Eighth Amendment Challenge to Solitary Confinement, 6 Journal of Law and Biosciences 184–225 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsz014.

Gumm v. Ford, No. 5:15-CV-41 (MTT), 2019 WL 2017497 (M.D. Ga. May 7, 2019), https://casetext.com/case/gumm-v-ford.

Jeff Coen & Stacy St. Clair, How Solitary Confinement Drove a Young Inmate to the Brink of Insanity, Chicago Tribune (Jan. 2, 2019, 6:50 AM), https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-met-anthony-gaysolitary-confinement-suit-20181206-story.html.

John F. Stinneford, Experimental Punishments, 95 Notre Dame Law Review 39–86 (2019), https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol95/iss1/2/.

Jules Lobel & Peter Scharff Smith, Solitary Confinement: Effects, Practices, and Pathways Toward Reform (Oxford University Press 2019), https://academic.oup.com/book/35060.

Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein, Josie Sivaraman, David L. Rosen, David H. Cloud, Gary Junker, Scott Proescholdbell, Meghan E. Shanahan & Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Association of Restrictive Housing During Incarceration With Mortality After Release, 2 Jama Network Open 1–11 (Oct. 2019), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2752350.

Michelle Shames & Philip Desgranges, Trapped Inside: The Past, Present, and Future of Solitary Confinement in New York, NYCLU (Oct. 2019), https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/201910_nyclu_solitary_web.pdf.

Porter v. Clarke, 923 F.3d 348 (4th Cir. 2019), https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca4/18-6257/18-6257-2019-05-03.html.

Reynolds v. Arnone, 402 F. Supp 3d. 3 (D. Conn. 2019), https://casetext.com/case/reynolds-v-arnone-2.

Ryan T. Sakoda & Jessica T. Simes, Solitary Confinement and the U.S. Prison Boom, Criminal Justice Policy Review (Dec. 2019), https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/center/liman/sakoda_simes_2019.pdf.

Spencer Woodman & Ben Hallman, Solitary Confinement in US Immigration Facilities, Explained, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (May 21, 2019), https://www.icij.org/investigations/solitaryvoices/solitary-confinement-in-us-immigration-facilities-explained/.

ACLU, Still Worse Than Second-Class: Solitary Confinement of Women in the United States (2019), https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/062419-sj-solitaryreportcover.pdf.

WMA Statement on Solitary Confinement, World Medical Association (Oct. 2019), https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-statement-on-solitary-confinement/.

Youngki Woo, Laurie Drapela, Michael Campagna, Mary K. Stohr, Zachary K. Hamilton, Xiaohan Mei & Elizabeth Thompson Tollefsbol, Disciplinary Segregation’s Effects on Inmate Behavior: Institutional and Community Outcomes, 31 Criminal Justice Policy Review 1036–1058 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403419862338.

"The Case Against Solitary Confinement," Vox (April 17, 2019), https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/4/17/18305109/solitary-confinement-prison-criminal-justice-reform.

Agnieszka Martynowicz & Linda Moore, ‘Behind the Door’: Solitary Confinement in the Irish Penal System (Irish Penal Reform Trust 2018), http://www.iprt.ie/files/Solitary_Confinement_web.pdf. Alexander A. Reinert, Solitary Troubles, 93 Notre Dame Law Review 927–976 (2018), https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4770&context=ndlr.

Ali Winters, Alone in Isolation: A Clinician's Guide to Women in Solitary Confinement, 28 Criminal Behavior and Mental Health 217–222 (June 2018), https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2079.

Anthony Graves, Infinite Hope: The Story of One Man's Wrongful Conviction, Solitary Confinement, and Survival on Death Row (Beacon Press 2018), http://www.beacon.org/Infinite-Hope-P1450.aspx.

Anthony Ray Hinton, The Sun Does Shine: How I Found Life and Freedom on Death Row (St. Martin's Press 2018), https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250124715/thesundoesshine.

Ashley T. Rubin & Keramet Reiter, Continuity in the Face of Penal Innovation: Revisiting the History of American Solitary Confinement, 43 Law and Social Inquiry 1604–32 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12330.

Brian O. Hagan, Emily A. Wang, Jenerius A. Aminawung, Carmen E. Albizu-Garcia, Nickolas Zaller, Sylviah Nyamu, Shira Shavit, Joseph Deluca & Aaron D. Fox, History of Solitary Confinement Is Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Individuals Recently Released from Prison, 95 Journal of Urban Health 141–148 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11524-017-0138-1.

Colleen Murphy, The Solitary Confinement of Girls in the United States: International Law and the Eighth Amendment, 92 Tulane Law Review 697–718 (2018), https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/tulr92&div=24&id=&page=&collection=journals.

Craig Haney, Restricting the Use of Solitary Confinement, 1 Annual Review of Criminology 285–310 (Jan. 2018), https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092326.

Craig Haney, The Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement: A Systematic Critique, 47 Crime and Justice 365–416 (Mar. 2018), https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696041.

C.S., et al., v. King County , 2:17-CV-01560-JCC (W.D. Wa. 2017) (Approval of Settlement Agreement), https://columbialegal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/CS-v-KingCounty_Order-Granting-Motion-for-Dismissal.pdf

H.C. v. Bradshaw, 9:18-cv-80810-WM (S.D. Fl. Nov. 16, 2018)(Settlement Agreement), https://clearinghouse.net/doc/104331/.

Jamelia N. Morgan, Caged In: The Devastating Harms of Solitary Confinement On Prisoners With Physical Disabilities, 24 Buffalo Human Rights Law Review 81–177 (Jan. 2018), https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/bhrlr/vol24/iss1/6.

Jessi LaChance, Women in Segregation (Vera Institute of Justice 2018), https://www.vera.org/downloads/publications/women-in-segregation-fact-sheet.pdf.

Jules Lobel & Huda Akil, Law & Neuroscience: The Case of Solitary Confinement, 147 Daedalus 61–75 (2018), https://www.amacad.org/publication/law-neuroscience-case-solitary-confinement.

Keramet Reiter, The International Persistence and Resilience of Solitary Confinement, 8 Oñati Socio-Legal Series 247–66 (2018), https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-0930.

Léon Digard, Elena Vanko & Sara Sullivan, Rethinking Restrictive Housing: Lessons from Five U.S. Jail and Prison Systems (Vera Institute of Justice 2018), https://www.vera.org/downloads/publications/rethinking-restrictive-housing-report.pdf.

Morgan S. Mason, Breaking the Binary: How Shifts in Eighth Amendment Jurisprudence Can Help Ensure Safe Housing and Proper Medical Care for Inmates with Gender Dysphoria, 71 Vanderbilt Law Review En Banc 157–195 (2018), https://cdn.vanderbilt.edu/vu-wp0/wp-content/uploads/sites/278/2018/04/18132602/Breaking-the-Binary.pdf.

Samuel Fuller, Torture As A Management Practice: The Convention Against Torture and Non-Disciplinary Solitary Confinement, 19 Chicago Journal of International Law 102–144 (2018), https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol19/iss1/4/.

Sanjana Biswas, Solitary Confinement of Juveniles in the Florida Prison System: Analyzing National and State Issues & Strategies for the Protection of America's Children, 17 Whittier Journal of Child and Family Advocacy 1–41 (2018), https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/wjcfad17&div=3&id=&page=&collection=journals.

Six by Ten: Stories from Solitary (Taylor Pendergrass & Mateo Hoke, eds., Haymarket Books 2018), https://www.haymarketbooks.org/books/1186-six-by-ten.

The Association of State Correctional Administrators & The Arthur Liman Public Interest Program, Reforming Restrictive Housing: The 2018 ASCA-Liman Nationwide Survey of Time-in-Cell (2018), https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/center/liman/document/asca_liman_2018_restrictive_housing_released_oct_2018.pdf.

The Association of State Correctional Administrators & The Arthur Liman Public Interest Program, Working to Limit Restrictive Housing: Efforts in Four Jurisdictions to Make Changes (2018), https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/center/liman/document/asca_liman_2018_restrictive_housing_efforts_in_four_jurisdictions_to_make_changes.pdf.

"The Hidden Damage of Solitary Confinement," Knowable Magazine (June 2018), https://knowablemagazine.org/article/society/2018/hidden-damage-solitary-confinement.

Braggs v. Dunn, 257 F. Sup. 3d 1171 (M.D. Ala. 2017), https://casetext.com/case/braggs-v-dunn-16.

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Cyrus Ahalt, Alex Rothman & Brie A. Williams, Examining the Role of Healthcare Professionals in the Use of Solitary Confinement, 359 British Medical Journal 1–4 (Oct. 2017), https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4657.

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Deema Nagib, Note, Jail Isolation After Kingsley: Abolishing Solitary Confinement at the Intersection of Pretrial Incarceration and Emerging Adulthood, 85 Fordham Law Review 2915–2046 (2017), https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5390&context=flr.

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Justine A. Medrano, Turgut Ozkan & Robert Morris, Solitary Confinement Exposure and Capital Inmate Misconduct, 42 American Journal of Criminal Justice 863–82 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1007/S12103-017-9389-3.

Lucius Couloute, Aging Alone: Uncovering the Risk of Solitary Confinement for People Over 45, Prison Policy Initiative, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2017/05/02/aging_alone/.

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Valerie Clark & Grant Duwe, The Effects of Restrictive Housing on Recidivism, Minnesota Department of Corrections (Dec. 2017), https://mn.gov/doc/assets/Effects%20of%20Restrictive%20Housing%20on%20Recidivism_tcm1089-320093.pdf.

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A.T. Wall, Time-In-Cell: A Practitioner’s Perspective, 125 Yale Law Journal Forum 246–52 (Jan. 2016), https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/time-in-cell-a-practitioners-perspective.

Alex Kozinski, Worse than Death, 125 Yale Law Journal Forum 230–37 (Jan. 2016), https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/worse-than-death.

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Brie A. Williams, Older Prisoners and the Physical Health Effects of Solitary Confinement, 106 American Journal of Public Health, 2126–2127 (2016), https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2016.303468.

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Judith Resnik, Sarah Baumgartel & Johanna Kalb, Time-In-Cell: Isolation and Incarceration, 125 Yale Law Journal Forum 212–21 (Jan. 2016), https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/time-in-cell-isolation-and-incarceration.

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Marie Gottschalk, Staying Alive: Reforming Solitary Confinement in U.S. Prisons and Jails, 125 Yale Law Journal Forum 253–66 (Jan. 2016), https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/reforming-solitary-confinement-in-us-prisons-and-jails.

Margo Schlanger, How the ADA Regulates and Restricts Solitary Confinement for People with Mental Disabilities. American Constitution Society for Law and Policy Issue Brief 1-18 (May 2016). https://repository.law.umich.edu/other/124/.

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Reena Kapoor & Robert Trestman, Mental Health Effects of Restrictive Housing, in Restrictive Housing in the U.S.: Issues, Challenges, and Future Directions (National Institute of Justice 2016), https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/250321.pdf.

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Restrictive Housing Standards Open Hearing, American Correctional Association (Jan. 19, 2016), https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/Restrictive_housing.pdf.

Robert D. Morgan, Paula Smith, Ryan M. Labrecque, Paul Gendreau, Andrew L. Gray, Nina MacLean, Stephanie A. Van Horn, Angelea D. Bolanos, Ashley B. Batastini & Jeremy F. Mills, Quantitative Syntheses of the Effects of Administrative Segregation on Inmates' Well-Being, 22 Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 439–61 (Nov. 2016), https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/law0000089.

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Hope Metcalf, Jamelia Morgan, Samuel Oliker‐Friedland, Judith Resnik, Julia Spiegel, Haran Tae, Alyssa Work & Brian Holbrook, Liman Public Interest Program at Yale Law School, Administrative Segregation, Degrees of Isolation, and Incarceration: A National Overview of State and Federal Correctional Policies (2013), https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/center/liman/document/Liman_overview_segregation_June_25_2013_TO_POST_FINAL(1).pdf

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Margo Schlanger, Prison Segregation: Symposium Introduction and Preliminary Data on Racial Disparities, 18 Michigan Journal of Race and the Law 241–50 (2013), https://repository.law.umich.edu/articles/461/.

Paolo Roma, Maurizio Pompili, David Lester, Paolo Girardi & Stefano Ferracuti, Incremental Conditions of Isolation as a Predictor of Suicide in Prisoners, 233 Forensic Science International e1–e2 (2013), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.08.016.

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Christy Carnegie Fujio and Mike Corradini, Buried Alive: Solitary Confinement in the U.S Detention System (2013), https://phr.org/our-work/resources/buried-alive-solitary-confinement-in-the-us-detention-system/.

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Boxed In: The True Cost of Extreme Isolation in New York’s Prisons, N.Y. Civil Liberties Union (2012), https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/publications/nyclu_boxedin_FINAL.pdf.

Elisa Mosler, Solitary Confinement in Great Britain: Still Harsh, but Rare, Solitary Watch (Jan. 19, 2012), https://solitarywatch.org/2012/01/19/solitary-confinement-in-great-britain-still-harsh-but-rare/.

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Keramet A Reiter, Parole, Snitch, or Die: California’s Supermax Prisons and Prisoners, 1997–2007, 14 Punishment and Society 530–63 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474512464007.

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Alexis Perlmutter and Mike Corradini, Invisible in Isolation: The Use of Segregation and Solitary Confinement in Immigration Detention (2012), https://phr.org/our-work/resources/invisible-in-isolation/.

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Jeffrey L. Metzner & Jamie Fellner, Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in U.S. Prisons: A Challenge for Medical Ethics, 38 Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 104–08 (2010), https://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/38/1/104.full.pdf.

Judith Resnik, The War on Terror, and the Federal Courts: An Essay in Honor of Henry Monaghan, 10 Columbia Law Review 579–685 (March 2010), https://www.jstor.org/stable/27806626.

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Craig Haney, The Social Psychology of Isolation: Why Solitary Confinement Is Psychologically Harmful, 181 Prison Service Journal 12–20 (2009), https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/media/publications/SocialPsychology_of_Isolation-_Why_Solitary_Confinement_is_Psychologically_Harmful_Haney_2009.pdf.

Daniel P. Mears & William D. Bales, Supermax Incarceration and Recidivism, 47 Criminology 1131–66 (2009), http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00171.x.

Michael B. Mushlin and Naomi Roslyn Galtz, Getting Real About Race and Prisoner Rights, 36 Fordham Urban Law Journal 27–52 (2009), https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol36/iss1/2/.

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Bruce A. Arrigo & Jennifer Leslie Bullock, The Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prisoners in Supermax Units: Reviewing What We Know and Recommending What Should Change, 52 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 622-640 (2008), https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X07309720.

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